1 The “Stream-Winner” (Sotapanna), takes refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha (Ti-Saranฺa-Gamana), and the Moralities, and dispenses with five unhealthy types of the Citta as follows: a) Four types of the Citta connected-with-opinion (Ditฺtฺhi-Sampayutta-Citta), which lead one to do evil deeds, and which arise from the Root-of-Greed (Lobha-Mula) b) One type of the Citta with Doubt-and-Uncertainty (Vicikiccha), which arises from the Root-of-Delusion (Moha-Mula)...

It should be noted that nearly all of the above-mentioned programmes and initiatives have been the efforts of private or lay sectors...

To have a clearer picture of the situation, what has been described above can be put in other words While the future of Buddhism depends in the first place on the good education of the monks and novices, most of the Thai monks and novices now, the great majority of whom are in rural areas, count among the less educated people of the country...

After Independence in 1948, the identification between Buddhism and nationalism continued and even led to the politicization of the Ceylonese Sangha...

For centuries, ever since Buddhism was introduced into the country, the Sangha or the Buddhist monastic order has been one of the nation’s greatest institutions...